Die Wohlfahrtsstaaten in Osteuropa nach der Krise von 2008: Zukunftsfähig oder Auslaufmodelle?

Projektleiter/innen Dr. Jan Drahokoupil Mitarbeiter/innen Dragos Adascalitei, Stefan Domonkos DFG-gefördert 2009 – 2015

Forschungsfrage/Ziel:

Dieses Projekt konzentrierte sich auf Schlüsselmerkmale unterschiedlicher Formen des Kapitalismus in Osteuropa: die Unterschiede in den sozialen Sicherungssystemen und deren politische und ökonomische Determinanten. Insbesondere ging es um die Anpassungen des Wohlfahrtsstaates an die Folgen der Krise von 2008. Die wichtigste Frage dieser Studie lautete: Wie haben die Wohlfahrtsregimes in Osteuropa auf die Wirtschaftskrise seit 2008 reagiert und was sind die Erklärungen für die Variationen wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Anpassungen?

Das Projekt nutzte ein Mehrebenen-Forschungsdesign; zu den Bausteinen gehörten ein qualitativer Vergleich der Reformprozesse in verschiedenen Ländern auf der Makroebene, eine quantitative Analyse der öffentlichen Meinung zu den Reformen und vergleichende Fallstudien auf Unternehmensebene. Das Forschungsdesign reflektiert damit einen weiten Begriff von Wohlfahrtsregime. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit galt zentralen Aspekten der osteuropäischen sozialen Sicherungssysteme: der Alterssicherung, der Umverteilung durch Einkommensteuer, dem Arbeitsrecht und den Arbeitsgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Beziehungen auf Unternehmensebene.

Die Auswirkungen der Krise waren vielfältig. Die Transformationsländer haben also sich weder einem der etablierten europäischen Modelle angenähert noch haben sie ein davon abweichendes, einheitliches Modell von „postkommunistischem Kapitalismus“ entwickelt. Nach der Krise von 2008 prägten wieder eher konventionelle wohlfahrtsstaatliche Reformen die Entwicklung, im Gegensatz zu den grundlegenden Änderungen in den späten 1990er- und frühen 2000er-Jahren. Die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise der späten 2000er- und 2010er-Jahre hat also jenes Entwicklungsmodell infrage gestellt, das auf Marktmechanismen und die Privatisierung des Wohlfahrtstaats, auf den Rückzug des Staates und die Einschränkung seiner Umverteilungsfunktion setzt.

Die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Krisenphänomene, die Anpassungen der Reformen auslösten, erwiesen sich als der wichtigste wirtschaftliche Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Wohlfahrtsregimes in der Region. Die Unterschiede in den Reformergebnissen ließen sich zurückführen auf das Zusammenspiel von politischen Systemen, Druck internationaler Institutionen, Struktur des Parteienwettbewerbs, öffentlicher Meinung und sozialem Lernen der Entscheidungsträger. Die unterschiedlichen Produktionssysteme einzelner Länder waren zwar auf der Unternehmensebene wichtig, aber die zuvor genannten Rahmenbedingungen erwiesen sich doch als wichtiger. Die Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Beziehungen auf nationaler Ebene spielten dagegen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle.


Publikationen

Monographie

  • Myant, Martin, Jan Drahokoupil (2010): Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2008): Globalization and the State in Central and Eastern Europe: The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment. 256. London, Routledge. More

Buchkapitel

  • Bruff, Ian, Matthias Ebenau, Christian May, Andreas Nölke (Eds.) Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2013): Institutionalismus jenseits der ‚Spielarten des Kapitalismus‘: Transitionsökonomien in der vergleichenden Kapitalismusforschung. 86-102. Münster, Westfälisches Dampfboot. More
  • Vural, Ipek Eren (Eds.) Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2011): The politics of welfare restructuring in transition countries and the crisis of 2008. 149-180. Farnham, Ashgate. More

Zeitschriftenartikel

  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2017): From austerity to austerity: the political economy of public pension reforms in Romania and Bulgaria. Social Policy & Administration, 51, 3, 464-487. More
  • Naczyk, Marek, Stefan Domonkos (2016): The financial crisis and varieties of pension privatization reversals in Eastern Europe. Governance, 29, 2, 167-184. More
  • Domonkos, Stefan (2016): Who wants a progressive income tax? Determinants of tax-policy preferences in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 30, 2, 423-448. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2014): Decision-making in multinational corporations: Key issues in international business strategy. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 20, 2, 199-215. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2014): Book Review: Easter, G. Capital, Coercion and Postcommunist States. Journal of European Social Policy, 24, 2, 199-200. More
  • Myant, Martin, Jan Drahokoupil (2013): Transition Economies after the Crisis of 2008: Actors and Policies. Europe-Asia Studies, 65, 3, 373-382. More
  • Domonkos, Tomas, Stefan Domonkos, Miroslava Dolinajcova, Nora Grisakova (2013): The Effect of the Formula Apportionment of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base on Tax Revenue in the Slovak Republic. Ekonomicky casopis/Journal of Economics, 61, 5, 453-467. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2012): Welfare State Development in Central and Eastern Europe: A State of the Art Literature Review. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 4, 2, 59-70. More
  • Myant, Martin, Jan Drahokoupil (2012): Transition Indicators of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: A Doubtful Guide to Economic Success. Competition and Change, 16, 1, 69-75. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Stefan Domonkos (2012): Averting the funding–gap crisis: East European pension reforms after 2008. Global Social Policy, 12, 3, 283-299. More
  • Myant, Martin, Jan Drahokoupil (2012): International Integration, Varieties of Capitalism and Resilience to Crisis in Transition Economies. Europe-Asia Studies , 64, 1, 1-33. More
  • Domonkos, Stefan, Tomas Domonkos (2011): Economic Voting Behavior and the Political Right-Wing (Empirical Evidence from the Slovak Republic). Ekonomický časopis/Journal of Economics, 59, 9, 905-917. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2010): Varieties of Capitalism, Varieties of Vulnerabilities: Financial Crisis and its Impact on Welfare States in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Historical Social Research, 35, 2, 266-295. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): Jiří Večerník's Czech society in the 2000s. Europe-Asia Studies, 62, 9, 1583-1586. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2009): Post-perekhodnye varianty politicheskogo i ehkonomicheskogo razvitija stran Vostochnojj Evropy i byvshego Sovetskogo Sojuza. Мир России (Universe of Russia), 18, 3, 39-60. More

Präsentationen

  • Adascalitei, Dragos, Stefan Domonkos (2014): When Less Is More: The Politics of Pension Privatization during the Financial Crisis of the Late 2000s. [26th SASE Annual Meeting, Northwestern University and University of Chicago, 09/07/2014 - 11/07/2014]. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos, Aurelian Muntean (2014): When Striking Works: The Case of Unions in the Healthcare Sector in Romania. [8th ECPR General Conference, University of Glasgow, 02/09/2014 - 05/09/2014]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2013): Managing flexibility: Employment practices in automotive multinationals in Central and Eastern Europe. [Central and Eastern Europe: Work, Employment and Societies between Transition and Change, Evry, 20/11/2013 - 21/11/2013]. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2013): Economic crises and pension reforms: The cases of Romania and Bulgaria.. [ESAPnet doctoral workshop 2013 "Comparing Welfare States: Applying Quantitative and Qualitative Comparative Analysis in Social Policy Research", MZES, Mannheim, 03/06/2013 - 05/06/2013]. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2013): The political economy of public pension reforms in Bulgaria, Belarus, and Ukraine. [CES Pre-Conference PhD Workshop "Political Economy Research in Times of Crisis: Conceptual Challenges and Methodological Approaches", University of Amsterdam, 23/06/2013 - 23/06/2013]. More
  • Naczyk, Marek, Stefan Domonkos (2013): Cure or Kill: The Global Financial Crisis and the Changing Domestic Politics of Pension Privatization in Central and Eastern Europe. [7th ECPR General Conference, Sciences Po, Bordeaux, 03/09/2013 - 06/09/2013]. More
  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2012): Asking for help or going alone: Welfare state responses to the economic crisis in Bulgaria and Romania. [10th Annual ESPAnet Conference, University of Edinburgh, 05/09/2012 - 07/09/2012]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Stefan Domonkos (2011): East European Pension Politics 2.0: The emergence of diversity in Eastern European pension reforms after the crisis of 2008. [The Global Economic Crisis and the Welfare State: Short-Term Responses and Long-Term Effects, University of Bremen, 23/11/2011 - 24/11/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2011): Coping with the Crisis: Policy Responses to the Crisis of 2008 in Eastern Europe. [Tagung DVPW-Arbeitskreis Internationale Politische Ökonomie 'Die Globale Finanzkrise in politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive', Magdeburg, 26/05/2011 - 27/05/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2011): Varieties of Capitalism in Transition Economies. [Rethinking Capitalist Development in Emerging Countries, Rio de Janeiro, 18/10/2011 - 20/10/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2011): What explains governments' responses to the world economic crisis. [European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy Conference, Wien, 26/10/2011 - 29/10/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2011): The road to a distorted system? Welfare states in East-Central Europe. [Welfare State in Europe in the 20th Century, Prag, 13/11/2011 - 15/11/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2011): East European Pension Politics 2.0: The emergence of diversity in Eastern European pension reforms after the crisis of 2008. [Pension Outcomes, FP7 Gusto Project Workshop, Bologna, 17/11/2011 - 18/11/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2011): East European Pension Politics 2.0: The emergence of diversity in Eastern European pension reforms after the crisis of 2008. [Invited talk, Tallinn University of Technology, 27/11/2011 - 27/11/2011]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): Financial Crisis and the Politics of Welfare Restructuring in Eastern Europe: Short-Term Impacts and Long-Term Prospects. [Centre for Comparative Economics Seminar Series, SSEES, University College London, London, 08/02/2010 - 08/02/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): International Integration and Resilience to Crisis in Transition Economies. [International Studies Association annual convention, New Orleans, 16/02/2010 - 19/02/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): International Integration and Resilience to Crisis in Transition Economies. [ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Münster, 21/03/2010 - 26/03/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): International Integration and Resilience to Crisis in Transition Economies. [Council for European Studies International Conference, Montreal, 14/04/2010 - 16/04/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): Forms of international integration and the vulnerabilities and resiliences to the crisis in Eastern Europe. [The financial crisis in Central Eastern Europe, University of Osnabrück, 16/06/2010 - 17/06/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2010): Political economy of crisis adjustment in Eastern Europe. [ECPR SGIR 7th Pan-European International Relations Conference, Stockholm, 07/09/2010 - 10/09/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2010): Political economy of crisis adjustment in Eastern Europe. [European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy Annual Conference, Bordeaux, 27/10/2010 - 30/10/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Martin Myant (2010): Financial Crisis as a Verdict on Transition: Introducing the Book Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia by Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil. [Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies Annual Convention, Los Angeles, 17/11/2010 - 20/11/2010]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2009): Service Sector Outsourcing in the Visegrád Four: Transforming the European Assembly Platform into a Knowledge-Based Economy?. [RSA Research Network Seminar ‘The Role of Business Services and Knowledge Transfer in Cluster Formation in Central and Eastern Europe’, Jagiellonian University, Krakau, 16/09/2009 - 17/09/2009]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2009): Global Financial Crisis and its Impacts in Eastern Europe, Russia, and the CIS: Crisis of and crisis in the varieties of dependent capitalism. [EAEPE & University of Hertfordshire symposium ‘The transformation of post-Soviet economies twenty years on’, Offley Place Country House, 08/10/2009 - 09/10/2009]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2009): What difference has the financial crisis made for the welfare-state regimes in Eastern Europe and the CIS? . [Debatte conference ‘1989−2009: the East European revolutions in perspective’, London, 16/10/2009 - 17/10/2009]. More
  • Drahokoupil, Jan (2009): The IMF is back: Conditionalities in crisis lending to post-communist countries in 2008-2009 and their impact on national strategies and political identities. [CEELBAS seminar ‘Elites and the Formation of Political Identity in Post Soviet Space. Global Influences’, University of Cambridge, 26/11/2009 - 26/11/2009]. More

Berichte

  • Drahokoupil, Jan, Stefan Domonkos (2013): Reforming pensions: the limits of diversification. 3/2013, 6. Brussels, European Trade Union Institute. More

Thesis

  • Adascalitei, Dragos (2016): Between state and market: the changing role of institutions and political actors in East European pension reforms. Mannheim, University of Mannheim. More
  • Domonkos, Stefan (2015): Limiting Redistributive Capacity: Welfare State Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe. Mannheim, University of Mannheim. More